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1. MUST: This word means that the definition is an absolute requirement of the specification.

2. MUST NOT: This phrase means that the definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification.

3. SHOULD: This word means that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications MUST be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course.

4. SHOULD NOT: This phrase means that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances when the particular behavior is acceptable or even useful, but the full implications should be understood and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior described with this label.

5. MAY: This word means that an item is truly optional. One user may choose to include the item because a particular marketplace requires it or because the vendor feels that it enhances the product, while another vendor may omit the same item.

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• MUST provide non-versioned ontology IRI (See: IRI Structure and Format V2.2 )

• When released, MUST provide version IRI(owl:VersionIRI)(See: IRI Structure and Format V2.2 )

• MUST provide label

• MUST provide title

• MUST provide abstract

• MUST provide copyright

• MUST provide license

• MUST provide maturity

• MUST provide a versionInfo

• MUST provide changeNotes for each release.

For all constructs:

• MUST provide label

• MUST provide natural language definition

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• Examples:

  • product:

    • obo:Continuant(c) ∧ ¬(obo:SpecificallyDependentContinuant(c) ∨ Person(c) ∨ Organization(c)) ∧ ∃r (ProductRole(r) ∧ obo:hasRole(c, r))

• semi-formal natural language definition – iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageDefinition

  • Definition: transitional definition expressing first-order logic definition using semantics understandable by ontologically knowledgable domain practitioner without predicate logic semantics

  • The semi-formal natural language definition MUST be provided if the term is not primitive (is primitive is false )

  • The semi-formal natural language definition MUST only occur once

  • Variables SHOULD be removed if they do not need to be referenced later in the expression

  • Rules for writing necessary axioms, sufficient axioms, and necessary and sufficient axioms:

    • SHOULD use “every instance of {term} is defined as exactly an instance of {conditions}” for necessary and sufficient conditions

      • Agent(x) ↔ (Person(x) ∨ GroupOfAgents(x) ∨ EngineeredSystem(x)) ∧ ∃y (AgentRole(y) ∧ hasRole(x,y))

      • every instance of ‘agent’ is defined as exactly an instance of ‘person’, ‘group of agents’, or ‘engineered system’ that ‘has role’ some ‘agent role’

  • The following syntax MUST be used:

    • A construct label MUST be used and its exact syntax preserved for constructs in this or an imported ontology

    • Quotes (') MUST surround all labels

    • The words “is a” MUST NOT be used without a qualification

      • “is a subclass of” MUST be used to indicate a subclass relationship

      • “is an instance of” MUST be used to indicate an instance of a universal

    • Variables SHOULD be used where needed in formulating the definition

    • The rules for natural language definitions MUST be applied otherwise

  • Examples:

    • ‘product’: every instance of ‘product' is defined as exactly an instance of (‘continuant’ and not ‘person’ and not ‘organization’ and not ‘specifically dependent continuant’) that ‘bears' some ‘product role’

    • ‘agent’: every instance of ‘agent’ is defined as exactly an instance of ‘person’, ‘group of agents’, or ‘engineered system’ that ‘has role’ some ‘agent role’

• first-order logic axiom - iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom

  • Definition: axiom of construct using predicate logic semantics

  • First-order logic axiom MAY be provided if the construct is primitive or non-primitive.

    • With the implication arrow → the left is sufficient, and the right is necessary

  • A construct MAY have more than one first-order logic axiom annotation

  • A first-order logic axiom value MUST adhere to first-order logic definition syntax

  • Need to clarify the that this refers to the conjunction/disjunction of the axioms.

    • Need to define treatment of the multiple axioms

    • Examples for multiple axioms and treatment for Allen's relationships

      • Arkopaul Sarkar To provide some examples for discussion

    • Multiple conditions that satisfy the relation

    • There is no order and there should be no dependencies

    • Do we need to have a rule regarding use of variables? Do variables in the axioms have to refer to the same entities across the axioms?

      • Self sufficient and self scoped?

    • Does x in the example below refer to the same Business Function?

      • Can use subscripts in the variables x1, x2, etc…

    • Pawel Garbacz : “I’m pretty sure these are conjunctions”

    • Jim Logan : “Each merely sufficient condition is a WFF that can safely be conjoined.”

    • Need to have sufficient explanation

    • Only when you have multiple sufficient conditions

    • How do we treat properties?

    • Three situations as follows:

      • Relates to how the equivalence arrow is expressed.

        1. Implication left to right

        2. Implication right to left

        3. Equivalence

      • Need to make sure the variables are the same

      • Track in issue:

        Jira Legacy
        server System JIRA serverId e40ab0a4-b576-382d-85fc-495e1da7d966 key ARCH-55

  • If there is more than one axiom:

    • the axiom MUST be associated with the semi-formal natural axiom

    • The axiom MUST use a prefix consisting of a name and a colon.

      • The name MUST use LA<n>: where <n> is a monotonically increasing number starting at 1.

  • Examples:

    • Code Block

      iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom: "LA1: BusinessFunction(x) → Function(x) ∧ ∃o,∃i(Organization(o) ∧ ObjectiveSpecification(i) ∧ functionOf(x,o) ∧ genericallyDependsOnAtSomeTime(i,o) ∧ prescribedBy(x,i)) ∧ ∀y(hasRealization(x,y) → BusinessProcess(y))" iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom: "LA2: Function(x) ∧ ∃o,∃i,∃p(Organization(o) ∧ ObjectiveSpecification(i) ∧ BusinessProcess(p) ∧ functionOf(x,o) ∧ genericallyDependsOnAtSomeTime(i,o) ∧ prescribedBy(x,i)) ∧ hasRealization(x,p)) → BusinessFunction(x)"

• semi-formal natural language axiom - iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom

  • Definition: transitional definition expressing first-order logic axiom using semantics understandable by ontologically knowledgable domain practitioner without predicate logic semantics

  • Semi-formal natural language axioms MAY be provided if the term is primitive (is primitive is true )

  • A construct MAY include more than one semi-formal natural language axiom annotation

  • The definition MUST adhere to semi-formal natural language definition syntax

  • Need to clarify the that this refers to the conjunction of the axioms.

  • If there is more than one axiom:

    • The axiom MUST be associated with the first-order logic axiom

    • The axiom MUST use a prefix consisting of a name and a colon.

      • The name MUST use LA<n>: where <n> is a monotonically increasing number starting at 1.

    • Example:

      • Code Block

        iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom: "LA1: if x is a 'business function' then x is a 'function' that is 'function of' some 'organization' and that is 'prescribed by' some 'objective specification' and whenever x 'has realization' y that y must be a 'business process'" iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom: "LA2: if x is a 'function' that is 'function of' some 'organization' and that is 'prescribed by' some 'objective specification' and that 'has realization' some 'business process' then x is a 'business function'"

  • All variables refer to instances

  • Rules for writing a necessary or sufficient axiom:

    • SHOULD use if and then to indicate the implication/conditional pattern for necessary or sufficient axiom: if antecedent, then consequent

      • AgentRole(x) → Role(x) ∧ ∃m ∃n ((MaterialEntity(m) ∧ ¬FiatObjectPart(x)) ∧ (Person(n) ∨ GroupOfAgents(n) ∨ EngineeredSystem(n)) ∧ actsOnBehalfOfAtSomeTime(m, n) ∧ roleOf(x,m))

      • 'agent role': if x is an instance of 'agent role', then x is an instance of 'role' that is the 'role of' some ('material entity' and not 'fiat object part') that 'acts on behalf of at some time' some other 'person', 'group of agents', or 'engineered system'

    • SHOULD use some type of for a universal pattern

      • InformationContentEntity(x) ∧ ∃c, ∃r ( continuant(c) ∧ RequirementSpecification(r) ∧ satisfies(x,r) ∧ prescribes(x,c)) ∧ ∀c'(prescribes(x,c') → Continuant(c')) → DesignSpecification(x)

      • if d is a ‘design specification’, then d is an ‘information content entity’ that ‘prescribes' some type of 'continuant'

    • SHOULD use whenever when representing a multi-place temporal expression

      • ∀ p,q,t (hasContinuantPart(p, q, t) ∧ instanceOf(p, MaterialEntity, t) → instanceOf(q, site, t) ∨ instanceOf(q, ContinuantFiatBoundary, t) ∨ instanceOf(q, MaterialEntity, t)

      • whenever a ‘material entity’ ‘has part’ y then y must be a ‘site’ or a ‘material entity’ or a ‘continuant fiat boundary’

  • Complete Example with more than one axiom:

    • Code Block

      iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom "LA1: Assembly(x) → MaterialArtifact(x) ∧ ∃c,∃c'(MaterialComponent(c) ∧ MaterialComponent(c') componentPartOfAtAllTimes(c,x) ∧ componentPartOfAtAllTimes(c',x) ∧ ¬(c=c'∨ (componentPartOfAtAllTimes(c,c') ∨ componentPartOfAtAllTimes(c',c))))" iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom "LA1: if x is an 'assembly' then x is a 'material artifact' and there are at least two distinct 'material component' that are 'component part of at all times' x" iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom "LA2: MaterialArtifact(x) ∧ ∃p(AssemblyProcess(p) ∧ isSpecifiedOutputOf(x,p)) → Assembly(x)" iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom "LA2: Material Artifact x that 'is specified output of' some Assembly Process p implies x is an Assembly"

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• direct source – iof-av:directSource

  • Definition: definitive source of the subject resource

• adapted from – iof-av:adaptedFrom

  • Definition: source for the resource that was modified to create the subject resource

Deprecation

Tracked in:

In cases where a term is removed from the ontology or is moved to another ontology, it MUST also be marked as owl:deprecated. The following annotations MUST be used in the following cases:

• The following MUST be provided when retired/removed or moved in the source ontology annotations:

  • skos:changeNote: Rational for the deprecation–keeps the history of the rational in the header.

    • Rationale: Change note associated with the deprecated element because protege can associate with the destination term.

    • Example content of the skos:changeNote from FIBO:

      • Code Block

        skos:changeNote: "The https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/BE/20180801/LegalEntities/LEIEntities.rdf version of this ontology was modified to deprecate LEIEligibleEntity as a part of a simplification strategy for the organizational class hierarchy, to support GLEIF LEI Level 2 ownership relationships, and eliminate a circular dependency with government entities by removing elements that had been deprecated for the last several FIBO revisions (municipal entity, sovereign, and supranational entity)."

• The following MUST be provided when a construct is moved to another ontology:

  • owl:equivalentClass or owl:equivalentProperty: IRI of the destination construct for the moved term.

Notes

• comment – rdfs:comment

  • comment MUST NOT be used. Use one of the following instead:

    • iof-av:explanatoryNote

    • iof-av:usageNote

    • skos:scopeNote

• explanatory note – iof-av:explanatoryNote

  • Definition: supplemental information used to clarify or describe the construct

  • explanatory note MAY be used to supplement the natural language definition of the construct

  • Example: “Item is another term semantically close to Product. But it is more general because the Item may not sellable. It is an overloaded term used by information systems to capture catalog information about real and sort of unreal (e.g., product family or option class which is a group of similar products) materials the enterprise concerns with.”

• usage note – iof-av:usageNote

  • Definition: describes how to use the term in particular situations

  • usage note MAY be used to describe how the term is used in particular situations through an example instantiation.

  • Example: “This is how the Supplying Relation class may be used to convey who supplies what to who. SupplierRole(sr1) and BuyerRole(br1) and Product(p1) and SupplyingRelation(s1) and specificallyDependsOn(s1, sr1) and specificallyDependsOn(br1, s1) and specificallyDependsOn(p1,s1)”

• scope note – skos:scopeNote

  • If required, scope note MUST be used to provide additional domain contextualization on the use of the term

  • From skos:

    • A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept

  • Example:

• change note - skos:changeNote: The note MUST have the following information:

  • Reference to the Jira issue related to the change

  • Brief description of the change

Synonyms and Abbreviations

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• ISO 704

  • https://oagiscore.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpageattachments.action?pageId=4399431681&preview=%2F4399431681%2F4399267856%2FISO704_2009.pdf

• ISO 10241

  • https://oagiscore.atlassian.net/wiki/download/attachments/3664838679/ISO_IEC_21838-1.pdf?api=v2

• ISO/IEC 21383-2:2020 (EN) Information Technology – Top-Level Ontology – Basic Formal Ontology

  • Link w/o paywall?

6.2.3.2 Upper case characters, mathematical symbols, typographical signs and syntactic signs (e.g. punctuation marks, hyphens, parentheses, square brackets and other connectors or delimiters) as well as their character styles (i.e. fonts and bold, italic, bold italic, or other style conventions) shall be used in a term only if they constitute part of the normal written form of the term as conventionally used in running text. Syntactic signs shall not be used to show alternative terms. For complex terms (e.g. compounds and multiword terms), the natural word order shall be retained.

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